新闻媒体论文哪里有？笔者认为尽管阿富汗的新闻活动环境充满敌意且不稳定，但阿富汗媒体企业家在市场上表现出色。在全国各地，新成立的新闻学校和媒体公司都在教授年轻的专业记者。几位有影响力的媒体企业家已经崛起，他们拓宽了媒体边界，通过有线电视、卫星和互联网接触到全国乃至世界各地的阿富汗平民。
CHAPTER . 1 General Research
1.1. Introduction
Although Afghanistan has a long history of journalism, the path of journalism inthis country is still predictable and uncertain. Afghans gained greater freedom toparticipate in public life and access to the media, education, technology, health care, andemployment after the overthrow of the Taliban by the US military in November 2001.And the stories of the Silk Road, the country has already attracted many researchers andtourists from around the world. Their knowledge of Afghanistan was often taken up byjournalism in the early 1900s.
Only one radio station was allowed to broadcast by the Taliban leadership and wascompletely controlled. The radio did not provide educational or informational programs,although it was often used to broadcast religious teachings. Few Afghans had access toVOA and the BBC, but they listened to the radio in their homes and in secret locationswhere the Taliban were not present. In the Taliban-controlled province, Internet andtelevision networks were declared completely illegal (UN, 2007).
In the last 18 years, the number of Afghan media channels and media independencehas also increased dramatically. Compared to several countries, the media in thiscountry has gained more independence. Although there is no clear and codified strategyfor media development in Afghanistan; But the media has developed based on aconstitutional guarantee and the support of the international community. But for thejournalistic community to know how the media grows and develops, this research cango a long way in increasing their knowledge, and this work will be of great importanceto journalists.
1.2 Background of the Research
During the long period of the Afghan press, publications were published in favor ofthe authoritarian monarchy and its allied heads of state, supporting the political powersof the time. Shams al-Nahar (Sun of the Morning), the first magazine, was published in1873 in Kabul.The Afghan media began a new phase after the country's independence in 1919, aswell as the adoption of the constitution in 1922 and 1924.
The quality of Afghanjournalism and media has changed. This was a significant step for Afghans, especiallythe press, as it was the first time in Afghanistan's history that every citizen ofAfghanistan was entitled to freedom of expression as enshrined in Article 11 of the 1923Constitution. (2002, Ravan)
As a result, this may be the first presence of private and independent media inAfghanistan. The first Bakhter state news agency was established in 1939, around thebeginning. This publication has been very effective in connecting Afghanistan with theinternational information system. The newspaper speaks not only with regional mediaand Kabul but also with international news organizations such as the French press, theAssociated Press, and Router. Many publications and journalists have praised theimproved productivity of the Mojahedin leadership.The types of ownership and management of the press (public, group, and private)are recognized by the Islamic State. During this period, the number of publications, thevariety of content, and the number of journalists increased. The Islamic State ofAfghanistan provided an excellent opportunity for news coverage. Natural and legalpersons, politicians, and organizations can publish their works, but the current situationof instability, as well as the increase in violent clashes among the Mojahedin, hashampered the growth of the media.
CHAPTER 2. Literature Review
2.1. Concept of Media Development
The press in Baltic States has changed in a variety of ways. Furthermore, in favorof political leaders, freedom of speech was already advocated and practiced in a varietyof ways. As a result of sustainability, the news in Third World countries has grown.(Raza and colleagues, 2014)
The term "media" has been in use since 1920, when the idea of "news media" wasmostly restricted to print media until the advent of radio, television, and film followingWorld War II. As a result of progress, the media's effect on society has grownsignificantly, and it now serves as a source of information for society. The media, as aguardian, plays a vital role in the development of democracies and the protection ofdemocratic principles (Pleasance, P. L.2000).
2.2. Concept of the media system
The role of the media in Third World countries is considered and the dynamics ofhuman societies are recognized from the characteristics of their media. In societieswhere there is freedom of the media, the media can freely inform and operate. Topublish their ideas and thoughts without any restrictions beforehand (Bastiansen, 2008).
This system, according to the author of the book "Afghanistan Press Systems," is acollection of interrelated components that function as a unit because changes in onesegment influence the others. To put it another way, this system is regular and containsseveral pieces, each of which has its own shape, gender, size, and position, as well as aunique interaction with other elements of the collection, so that the performance of allof its components serves a certain Is (Esmatollahi, 2003, p. 14).
In Afghanistan, the media system does not offer a more positive picture than otheraspects of society. Unlike the surge of technical growth seen in both rich and developingcountries throughout the world, it never grew exponentially in terms of diversity oftechnology and products. It is difficult to comment on its freedom because it has been afrequent victim of instability and warfare (Shabir, G., Ali, S., & Iqbal, Z. 2011).
CHAPTER 3. Research Design........................... 15
3.1. Purpose of research.................................15
3.2. Research questions................................15
Chapter 4: Conditions of general development, characteristics, role, challenges ofAfghan media..........................19
4.1. The current situation of media in Afghanistan.............................19
4.2. Regulatory Environment........................................20
Chapter 5: Research Findings of Case Study................. 33
5.1. TOLOnews..........................33
5.1.1. TOLOnews on Website....................................33
5.1.2. TOLOnews on Social media..........................34
Chapter 5: Research Findings of Case Study
5.1. TOLOnews
TOLONews was established as the first 24-hour news network in Afghanistan in2010 under the Moby Media Group. The network broadcasts news related to currentnational and international affairs 24 hours a day. The media has various political andnews programs that bring important events to their audiences as soon as possible. Morethan any other media outlet in Afghanistan, it has a political discourse program. Coversthe farthest corners of the country with news.
TOLOnews has gained the trust of the people for its fast and unbiased informationand has emerged as a credible figure in Afghan society. TOLONews publishes inPersian and Pashto and publishes news in English on websites such as websites,Facebook and Twitter. The following TOLONews website is one of the most visitednews sites in Afghanistan. www.tolonews.com Lotfollah Najafizadeh is still the directorof Tolo News TV. Over the course of a decade, it has achieved good results in the fieldof accurate and fast information. Tolo News has been respected and trusted by theAfghan society with its neutral and impartial policy and has a good reputation amongother media. It is generally developed on the basis of a business strategy without anypolitical affiliation, party affiliation, etc.
5.2. Research participants
Factors that have led to the development of Afghan media. Those factors can benamed specifically.
1. The need of the people of Afghanistan for information and knowledge about thepolitical situation and issues related to their social life
2. The atmosphere of healthy competition between the private media and the stateand international media in terms of information and public awareness
3. The young generation who have graduated in the field of journalism and haveprofessional capacity and knowledge of journalism, committed to doing media work,entered the media work.
4. Proper management of the media by the young generation of Afghanistan whohave graduated from universities and have very good skills in the field of media work.Very
valuable and useful content that is considered in the strategy of private media.Therefore, Afghan media policies should further expand their position and influence inAfghanistan (N. Asil, personal interview, January10, 2021).
Chapter 7. Conclusions, recommendations and limitations
7.1. Conclusion
Despite the fact that Afghanistan's economy remains poor and dependent onforeign aid, and despite the fact that Afghanistan's media operations have a lot ofpolitical power, it is currently thought that the condition of the Afghan media has alteredconsiderably since the Taliban administration fell. Thanks to the cooperation of mediadonors and major media investment, Afghanistan has built a strong media foundationover the last 18 years. There are several sorts of media and organizations that havealready established themselves as self-sufficient and independent media.
Popular media outlets and news outlets, such as Ariana, Pajhwok, Key, Tolo, NAI,and others, gained full control and ownership of the business from financial institutions.Afghan journalists now provide high quality television and radio programs, comedy,drama, cooking, business and political programs to the Afghan people. Afghan mediaprofessionals have established their own advertising agencies over the past two decadesand have also entered the commercial advertising market rapidly.
Afghan media entrepreneurs have excelled in the market despite the hostile andunstable environment for journalistic activity there. At all parts of the nation, noviceyoung professional journalists are taught in newly founded journalism schools andmedia companies. Several influential media entrepreneurs have arisen who havebroadened media borders to reach Afghan civilians across the nation and beyond theworld via cable, satellite, and the Internet.
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