19世纪的小说承载了许多恶棍，他们似乎都是恐吓周围人的专家。狄更斯的小说也有许多“坏”字，他们都有独特的压迫弱者和无辜者的方式。然而，恐吓并不总是通过一个邪恶角色的明确威胁和实践而发生。通常，“好”的角色会吓唬别人，即使他们很有礼貌也很好，角色也会互相恐吓。恐吓也发生在社会互动中，它可能有其他的结果和定义特征；例如尴尬是另一种情绪状态，经常伴随或取代恐吓。在本文中，我首先提出一个恐吓的定义，然后通过解释狄更斯小说中的一些对话、场景和人物来说明这一定义。
Introductory
The nineteenth-century novel hosts many villains who all seem to be experts in intimidating people around them. Dickens' novels too have many "bad" characters who all have their peculiar ways of oppressing the weak and the innocent. However, intimidation does not always occur through the explicit threats and practices of an evil character. Often "good" characters intimidate others, and characters intimidate each other even when they are polite and "nice" as well. Intimidation also occurs within social interactions which may have several other results and defining characteristics; for example embarrassment is another emotional state which often accompanies or replaces intimidation. In this paper I will first propose a definition of intimidation and later exemplify this definition by explicating some conversations, scenes and characters in several of Dickens' novels.
Key Words
intimidation embarrassment interaction communication face threats
1."Face Threats" in Dickens
2."Face Threats" in David Copperfield
3."Face Threats" in Pickwick Papers
Mr. Pickwick is the intended hearer of this speech; however, since technically the jury ("gentlemen") is being addressed, Pickwick cannot respond. Moreover, he is being threatened by Sergeant Buzfuz's information about the possible consequences of his actions if he intimidates the Sergeant. Even that bit of information is not given to him but to the jury. Sergeant Buzfuz, though "looking through Mr. Pickwick," does not acknowledge his physical presence and accepts it only on the ground that he has been informed about it by others. Mr. Pickwick's obvious desire to be an active participant of the interaction is disregarded and suppressed, which poses several threats to his negative face.
Bibliography
Grahame Smith,"Dickens and Critical Theory"
Melteme kiran Raw,"The French Revolution in the Popular Imagination:A Tale of Two Cities"
Anthony lake,"Ghosts, bodies,selves and others in David Copperfield"
