语言学论文哪里有？笔者通过之前的定量和定性研究，主要发现总结如下：首先，从语言变异的角度来看，可以说，女性比男性更不可能使用脏话，即使她们发疯了。他们比男性使用更多的感叹词、更少的形容词和更多的状语强化词，因为男性是如此情绪化和敏感，他们倾向于用这些词来表达自己的感情。然而，斯嘉丽并不完全适合这些结论。
Chapter OneINTRODUCTION
1.2 Significance of the Research
This thesis discusses the gender differences reflected in Gone with the Wind,andthe significance are as follows:
Firstly,the novel takes America Civil War as its big social background.Thiswar has turned the history and social development and social structure of America,and it is very influential to America,for it abolishes the slavery system,guarantees completeness of America,clears up the barriers of developing capitalism.AmericaCivil War has changed American economy and political situations,affected the worldsituation as well.During this period,the whole society has taken great changes.Relationship between people is changing,male and female relationship changes aswell.Therefore,it is necessary to study the gender differences of the societyembodied by the novel,and has a comprehensive knowledge of the reform andevolution of America.
Secondly,Gone with the wind(1936)has been adapted to movies with samename.This novel has won Margaret Mitchell the Pulitzer Prize in the next year.Margaret Mitchell has inserted the novel with both artistic and historical values.Besides the description of love,Margaret also demonstrates social changes in customand living habits as well as the female concept and the male-female relationship inSouth America.
Third,to interpret linguistic gender differences through dialogue between thetwo main characters in the novel is challenging.At that time,the society asks womento have traditional virtues like being tender,kind,dedicate and loyal.All of thesevirtues are conveyed by Melanie,an ideal female image dreamed by all men.Besides,due to the complexity and uniqueness of Scarlett whose biggest characteristic isfemininity and masculinity agglomeration,her characteristics in language expressioncompared with other female is so different and so special.
Chapter ThreeTheoretical Framework
3.1 Gender Theory
3.1.1 The Deficit Approach
Women’s talking are inferior to men’s in view of some scholars during theperiod of mid-1970s.
In Language:Its Nature,Development and Origin,Jespersen(1922)write in thechapter“The Women”that“the vocabulary of a woman as a rule is much lessextensive than that of a man”because women“move preferably in the central fieldof the language,avoiding everything that is out of the way or bizarre”while menfreely adopt or coin novel and technical terms(p.248).And he does advert severaltimes to a feature of women’s cognition that he views pejoratively,namely that(as heclaims)women“start talking without having thought out what they are going to say”(p.250;also see p.251).His study shows ignorance of women’s intelligence inexpressing themselves.
In Language and Women’s Place,Lakoff thinks girls are educated to talk andbehave as graceful ladies.Their words must be cultivated to be polite and graceful incomparison to boys.Because politeness relates to strong statement absence(Lakoff,1975,p.19).As Lakoff argues,women are always seeking confirmation from menbecause they are unconscious without self ideas.They make decisions through men.
Chapter FourSociolinguistic Interpretation of Gone with the Wind
4.1 Language Variation in Gone with the Wind
During the analysis of language variation,not only will the linguistic variablesbe considered,but also some social factors will be used as background research.
4.1.1 Lexical Choice
4.1.1.1 Analysis of Swear Words
Swearing usually refers the individual uses the swear words in response to thenegative stimuli or events.Swearing in a narrow sense is foul language,curse or dirty words;while in wider sense,it means you use all the terms and strategies to condemnsomeone that makes you angry.
The author divides the swear words into four aspects:
a.Animals:cat,brat,skunk
b.Inelegant words:damn,hell
c.Euphemism:stupid creature,nasty ill-bred creature
d.Derogatory terms:cad,rascal,lowdown,coward
4.2 Turn-Taking and Language Power in Gone with the Wind
Before the analysis,we need a basic understanding about the two terms—turn-taking and language power.Turn-taking is introduced in chapter 3 and let’s makea brief introduction to language power.
Power of language lies in the ability of exerting influence or compliance inlinguistic interaction so as to constrain other’s action-environments(Xiao,2017,p.5).The implementation of language power will be affected by the differences of socialroles and social relations between the subject and the object of speech act.Those whohave power over others often have the initiative to speak and can realize their ownability of controlling topics.However,the controlled people have passive languagepower,for they do not have the initiative to realize the interpretation of the indicators.Thus the language power is mainly measured by the actual effect of languageexpression,that is,the influence of the speaker’s language on the addressee’slanguage.
Levinson(1983)believes the speaker who governs the topic,can keep or cancelthe turning to the next one.In a conversation composed by two persons,quantity ofturns for them should be equal.But,when nonverbal behaviors like eye-catching areadded,silence and interruption will happen,and new turning will cut in to transfer thetopic to the next one.This shows the speaker’s strong dominance over theconversation,and thus shows his or her strong language power.
Chapter FiveCONCLUSION
5.1 Major Findings
Based on Lakoff’s theory,gender theory and quantitative turn-taking analysismodel,this thesis has analyzed the gender differences from linguistic perspective andsocial perspective,and explored the factors causing gender differences in view ofsociety and individuals.
Through the quantitative and qualitative research before,the major findings havebeen summarized in the following:
Firstly,from the language variation perspective,it can be said that women areless likely to use swear words than men even when they get mad.And they use moreinterjections,less adjectives and more adverbial intensifiers than men,becausewomen are so emotional and sensitive that they tend to use these words to expresstheir feelings.However,Scarlett is not entirely suitable for these conclusions.Sheswears to offend people when she gets mad and uses adjectives to praise pretty thingsto show her affection.In terms of syntactical choice,it can be found that tag questionsare not specially for women,it is used by people who lack confidence.And hedges areused mainly by the people who care about other’s feelings,which are not onlywomen’s speech,either.
Secondly,it can be seen that through the quantitative turn-taking analysis model,people’s language power will change as they talk to different people or talk aboutdifferent topics.Generally speaking,men’s language power is stronger than women’sbecause they are dominant in the society and control the power of economy andpolitics.But Scarlett is different.She looks down on men who love her so she hasabsolute language power over those men.And she has her own business,which makes her the only economically independent woman.And she wakes up feministconsciousness when she is with Rhett,which gives her courage to deal with thedifficulties.
At last,we find the factors contributing to women’s language mainly focus onsocial factors.Social status,social role and social culture will give women pressurewhich make them afraid to speak,and they may gradually become what society wantsthem to be.
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