语言学论文哪里有？TOEFL11的连接词频率高于LOCNESS。在学习者的文章中发现了更多的搭配和搭配，而一些母语者使用的搭配没有被学习者使用。从第四章可以看到更多的差异和例子。从连词搭配的差异可以看出，学习者和母语者在逻辑思维上是不同的，因此在连词的使用上也是不同的。
Chapter OneIntroduction
1.1Background of the study
In Chinese English teaching,students’comprehensive skills are emphasized,likelistening,speaking,reading,writing,and translation.These basic skills are important inEnglish teaching and learning.According to Wang Shouren(2011:2),spoken English andwritten English are of the same importance,and written English is even more important andused in more aspects.
As an active skill,English writing can reflect students’abilities of thinking,organizingand language _expression(Wangping&Liu Wenjie,2001:66).With the progress ofcurriculum reform and improving requirements for English teaching in China,English writingis not the simple combination of words,phrases,and sentences,but demands the cohesion andcoherence of texts.
Over the years,domestic and foreign scholars have conducted studies on conjunctionsfrom the perspective of cohesion and coherence.Many of them have adopted corpus-basedmethod to analyze different types of conjunctions,including the use of conjunctions in writtenlanguage as well as in spoken language.In the past,there were both overall studies oncohesive devices,and studies on a certain type of conjunctions.In China,scholars pay moreattention to the frequency,overuse and underuse of conjunctions.However,there are fewstudies on how students use conjunctions in detail in writings.Besides,previous studies aremostly based on CLEC(Chinese Learner English Corpus),taking university students’writings as the research objects.
Chapter ThreeResearch Design
3.1Research questions
This study aims to compare the differences of the use of conjunctions between ChineseEnglish learners and native speakers.Research questions are as follows:
1)What are the differences in the frequency,position and collocation of conjunctionsbetween Chinese English learners and native speakers?
2)What are the differences in the use of conjunctions by Chinese English learners atdifferent levels?
Chapter FourResults and Discussion
4.1Differences of conjunctions use in TOEFL11 and LOCNESS
In this part,the first research question is analyzed.The frequency of conjunctions areretrieved according to their classification,then the position and collocation of conjunctionsare analyzed in detail.
4.1.1 Frequency of conjunctions
This section shows the comparison of conjunctions’frequency between Chinese Englishlearners and native speakers.
4.1.1.1 Overall frequency of conjunctions
After the retrieval of conjunctions in WordSmith Tools 6.0,the frequency of everyconjunction is calculated.Table 4.1 shows the overall frequency of additive,adversative,causal and temporal conjunctions used by learners and native speakers.
4.2Use of conjunctions by Chinese English learners at different levels
In this part,same conjunctions in Table 4.6 are selected to make further analysis amongChinese English learners at three different levels.
4.2.1 Additive conjunctionsand also
After the retrieval,it is found that and also is used 18,61 and 3 times by high,medium,and low level learners respectively.The frequency of and also by medium level learners ishigher than that by high and low level learners.Since the frequency of and also in low levellearners’essays is much lower,low level learners’use is omitted.As for the position of and also,both high and medium level learners tend to put it in themiddle of sentences,occurring 15 times and 47 times respectively.This is similar to nativespeakers that they use and also only in the middle position.In terms of the collocation,it is found that fixed collocations of of also occur on the rightof and also in high and medium level learners’essays,such as the amount of and take care of.Some of the examples are shown in Table 4.41.
Conclusion
5.1Research findings
According to research questions,main findings are listed as follows.
Firstly,the frequency of conjunctions by Chinese English learners is higher than that bynative speakers,which can be seen from Table 4.6.But in the use of some conjunctions,native speakers use them more frequently,such as yet,and then.There are differences as wellas some similarities in the position and collocation of conjunctions between learners andnative speakers.As for the position of conjunctions,the position of all conjunctions is nearlythe same in two corpora,mainly used at the beginning and in the middle of sentences,exceptat the same time,so,as a result,for instance and finally which are not only used at thebeginning and in the middle,but also at the end of sentences.Although the position ofconjunctions in two corpora is nearly the same,the frequency of occurring at the beginning,inthe middle or in the end is different.For example,native speakers use hence more times in themiddle,while learners tend to put it more times at the beginning position.With regard to thecollocation of conjunctions,high frequency collocates of all conjunctions are firstly somefunction words,such as propositions and articles.The,to and of are usually the top threecollocates of most conjunctions in two corpora.However,specific collocations ofconjunctions in two corpora are different to a large extent.Some of the examples are asfollows.
reference(omitted)
