英语论文哪里有？笔者认为胡赛尼的阿富汗三部曲向世人揭开了阿富汗这个国度神秘的面纱，展现了对创伤人群的深刻同情，本文旨在通过探索三部曲中小说人物共有的创伤症状，努力为身处创伤中的人们探索出一条复原之路。
Chapter I Introduction
1.1 Khaled Hosseini and His“Afghanistan Trilogy”
Khaled Hosseini is a contemporary Afghan-American writer and the first Afghan writerto write in English.His major works are The Kite Runner,A Thousand Splendid Suns,andAnd the Mountains Echoed.Hosseini was born into a wealthy family in Kabul,Afghanistan,in 1965,where his father was a diplomat,and his mother was a teacher at a girls’school inKabul.In 1980,the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan,and he immigrated to the UnitedStates with his father.In 1999,Hosseini came across a report that the Taliban banned citizensfrom flying kites,which was Hosseini’s favorite activity in Kabul as a child.He wrote a shortstory about it.Since the 9·11 incident,a large number of news reports have made us familiarwith Afghanistan,a land that is often caught in war.The images of Afghans in the news arealmost all men with weapons,women wrapped tightly in burqas,and children with confusedand weak eyes.People’s descriptions of Afghanistan revolve around the extremist Taliban,Bin Laden and the war on terror.Hosseini’s mood is complicated in the United States,whichis full of criticisms about Afghanistan.After seeing his motherland demonized,he is eager topresent the whole of Afghanistan to the world in order to eliminate people’smisunderstanding about Afghanistan.In 2003,Hosseini’s first novel,The Kite Runner,was asuccess,winning many awards,such as the United Nations Humanitarian Award and the JohnSteinbeck Prize for Literature,and was invited as a goodwill ambassador of UNHCR.In2007,Hosseini published his second novel,A Thousand Splendid Suns,which became amature writer widely recognized as a newcomer.In 2013,And the Mountains Echoed wasfirst published.Hosseini’s three novels provide people with an opportunity to know the truthabout the life of the Afghan people.He uses trauma as a guide to show the life,feelings,andbeliefs of the Afghan people one by one so that readers can genuinely enter their spiritualworld.
Chapter III Causes of Characters’PsychologicalTrauma in“Afghanistan Trilogy”
3.1 Family Factors
The family plays a vital role in people’s lives.People need the support of their families,and children need the care of their parents.Without a harmonious family,one cannot livehappily in this world.A family is a basic unit of a country,and a strong country needs manystable and happy families as its support.Each of us should pay attention to the psychologicaltrauma brought by family because it can affect everyone’s whole life.When the word“family”is mentioned,people usually describe it with words such as warmth,harbor,strength,etc.But Hosseini shows people who have suffered psychological trauma because oftheir families through novels.By describing the traumatic events in family life that make thecharacters feel scared,helpless and even destroyed,Hosseini shows the severe harm it brings to the individual,thus causing readers to reflect on the behaviors that lead to trauma in familylife but often exist as usual.
Chapter IV Recovery from Characters’PsychologicalTrauma in“Afghanistan Trilogy”
4.1 Withdrawing from Trauma
It is terrible to suffer trauma,but what is even more terrible is to be trapped in it andunable to extricate yourself.For the subject of trauma,when a traumatic event occurs,theyusually feel intense fear,helplessness and a sense of despair that they will be destroyed.Afterthe traumatic events,they will feel insecure for a long time,and they will always be in apanic feeling of losing control of their lives.Judith Herman pointed out that the first step oftrauma recovery is establishing a sense of security.The primary way to rebuild the sense ofsecurity is to pull the subject out of the traumatic event in time.In Hosseini’s“Afghanistan Trilogy”,after the traumatic events,the characters choose to stay away from the witnessesand places where the traumatic events occurred,which can help the clients to get away fromthe traumatic events to a certain extent and then get rid of fear,helplessness and even despair,integrate into the new environment that is easy to be accepted,and re-establish a sense ofsecurity.
4.2 Facing up to Trauma
Freud had emphasized the repetitive and delayed nature of trauma,and then Carruth andHerman also affirmed and strengthened this feature of trauma.So although temporarilywithdrawing from trauma can bring people a certain sense of security,it does not allowpeople to completely recover from trauma,which is only the first beginning of the stage oftrauma recovery that they enter.In order to completely get out of the haze of trauma,theybegin to enter the second stage of trauma recovery,review and mourning.In the trilogy,thefictional characters face trauma head-on by retelling traumatic memories and mourningtraumatic experiences.
4.2.1 Retelling Traumatic Memory
“In the second stage of recovery,the survivor tells the story of the trauma.She tells itcompletely,in-depth and in detail.This work of reconstruction actually transforms thetraumatic memory so that it can be integrated into the survivor’s life story”(Herman 225).For traumatized people,after a traumatic event,they subconsciously repress traumaticmemories related to the traumatic event,and“direct recollection of the past is limited,andreconstruction of the past requires imagination to interpret,assemble,and enrich its content.Therefore,it can be said that memory is narrative,but the narrative in traumatic memories isdestroyed”(Kang and Wang 92-96),so it is tough to recount trauma.However,over time,theonly way for a trauma patient to re-tell the traumatic event is for him to truly externalize hisown traumatic memories and experiences into narrative memories so that he can face thetrauma of his mind head-on,relieve his inner anxiety,and move towards recovery.
Chapter V Conclusion
As the first Afghan-American writer to write in English,Khaled Hosseini’s works showall kinds of psychological trauma suffered by the Afghan people.Starting from psychologicaltrauma,this paper takes the psychological trauma of the main characters in the novels as anexample and analyses and researches the psychological trauma of the characters in Hosseini’s“Afghanistan Trilogy”more comprehensively,taking the three aspects of the characters’psychological trauma as the symptom,the cause,and the recovery process as the entry point.
First of all,for Amir in The Kite Runner,the lack of a father’s love is the traumaticsource of his psychological trauma.The lack of a father’s love in his family of origin createsAmir’s cowardly and selfish character;the blind pursuit of his father’s love also makes Amirlose himself.In addition,the deep-rooted hierarchical system and religious prejudice inAfghanistan invisibly affect Amir,which ultimately leads to the occurrence of traumaticevents that further deepen his psychological trauma.Secondly,in A Thousand Splendid Suns,“Mariam and Laila actually epitomize millions of traumatized Afghan women”(Li andZhang 93-94).For Mariam and Laila,the unhappy family of origin is the source of traumathat traumatizes their psyche,and the domestic violence in their marriage once againaggravates their psychological trauma.Hosseini maps the trauma of the female community inAfghan society through two women,Mariam and Laila.Finally,the loss of her mother is asource of trauma that causes Abdullah’s psychological trauma,and the forced separationfrom her sister adds to Abdulla’s already traumatized mind.However,sometimes too muchlove can be traumatizing,and Pari is the best example.
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