国际贸易论文哪里有？这项研究涉及223名参与者，他们主要是国际贸易交易商、来自坦桑尼亚各银行和其他海关或外交局部门的金融部门员工。研究人员应用描述性统计、相关矩阵、多元回归和物流回归模型来检验银行对该国国际贸易的贡献。
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1.1 International trade
International trade is the exchange of goods and services across national boundaries. It is the most traditional form of international business activity and has played a major role in shaping world history (IMF, World Economic Outlook, 2018). It is also the first type of foreign business operation undertaken by most companies because importing or exporting requires the least commitment of, and risk to, the company's resources (Birhane, 2018). International sales transactions expose the parties to various difficulties and risks due to the physical distance between parties, different time zones, and different legal rules applicable to transactions as well as the fact that usually the parties do not know each other. According (Niepmann and Schmidt-Eisenlohrto, 2015) International trade exposes exporters and importers to substantial risks. To mitigate these risks, firms can buy unique trade finance products from banks. The term "trade finance" is generally reserved for bank products specifically linked to underlying international trade transactions (exports or imports). One of the most common and standardized forms of bank-intermediated trade finance is a letter of credit. It reduces payment risk by providing a framework under which a bank makes (or guarantees) (Birhane, 2018).
Chapter 3 Theoretical Foundation and Methodology
3.1 Transactional cost theory
The transaction cost theory assumes that firms or individuals attempt to reduce the cost of trading resources with the environs and that companies attempt to cut down bureaucratic costs of exchanging the firm. International traders evaluate trading resources' costs within the environment, thus banks against the rigid expenses, risk, exchange complications, and document-related issues. Williams (1997) posited that transaction cost occurs when a service or a good is transferred through a technologically independent interface, thus banks. Furthermore, importers and exporters shift transaction expenses to professional proficiencies (banks). These factors reflect transaction costs related to the exchange of assets; environmental opportunism, uncertainty, risks, foreign exchange rate charges, document collection, and credit letter. Given this background, banks act as experts, provide diligent services, guide international trade dealers, and many essential roles.
In Tanzania, cross-border trade transactions are carried out by few commercial and central banks Tanzania. Specifically, the banks ensure increased efficiency, trust, meet international requirements and regional integration rules. According to Williamson (1981), transactions are considered the basic unit of analysis, and this study used banks' trade finance factors as analysis. Using the transaction cost theory as a basis, the literature reviewed standard payment methods, such as open account, letter of credit, cash in advance, documentary collections, factoring, etc. Includes credit-rating and collection agencies in this country. Includes primary credit or charge cards used in this country. For international trade transactions, documentary credits such as letters of credit (LOCs), documentary collections, and drafts are widely used.
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Respondents background Statistics
The study discovers the background characteristics of all the participants. Some of the details include gender, age of the respondents, educational level, years in service and asset of business in Tanzania Shilling
Table 4.1 revealed that more males (64.1%) were represented than females (35.9%). These results confirmed the majority of the respondents are male. A greater proportion of the participants are within 26-35 years, representing 80.3%, with 2.2% representing 46-60 years of age. In terms of respondents' educational achievement level, it is found that 139 participants, which constitute 62.3% were bachelor degree holders, 26% were diploma, and the postgraduates were 11.7%.
4.2 Banks contribution to international trade in Tanzania
Multiple factors of banks’ activities affect the trade of exports and imports in Tanzania. It is, therefore, logical to evaluate the banks' individual factors than to assess the overall bank contribution. For this reason, the contribution of banks to international trade were assessed using a multivariate regression model based on the categorical bank measurements in the questionnaire. Using SPSS (version 25), the data were analyzed.
4.2.1 Reliability statistics and respondent bio-data
The first part of this chapter presents the research questionnaires' reliability statistics and respondents' background information. Table 4.3 illustrates the reliability statistics using Cronbach’s Alpha, mean, variance and number of items in each category. Internal consistency reliability is used for multi-item measures.
Chapter 5 Conclusion and Prospects
5.1 Conclusion
This study involved 223 participants, who are mainly international trade dealer, financial sector employees from various banks in Tanzania and other custom or foreign bureau department. The researcher applied descriptive statistics, correlation matrix, multiple and logistics regression model to examine the contribution of banks to international trade in the country.
First, the data analysis reported that majority of international dealers depend on averagely two or three banks for most of their trade transactions and related documents (see table 4.2). Referring to the hierarchical regression model, the researcher discovered that banks giving out letter of credit to trade dealers positively contribute to the development of international trade. The study data (table 4.6) statistically suggest that the letter of credit unit of contribution is 0.287. (0.287, p < 0.05). This means that letter of credit is significantly a necessary document that support international trade. All banks must therefore provide the needed and standardized LC accurately and effectively.
Under today international trade activities, document collection is still relevant despite increase in advance technology that speed up foreign trade process. Yet, document collection is vital to complete the trade cycle procedure. Interestingly, the study observed that DC and international trade is positively related.
reference(omitted)
