国际贸易论文哪里有？本研究表明，鉴于科学和创新在后工业发展模式（可称为知识社会）的形成中发挥着至关重要的作用，现代世界的权力中心只能由具有强大科技潜力的人发挥作用。描述了过去几十年世界研发空间组织的变化，揭示了科学技术领域支出的密集增长动态。
Chapter one: Introduction
1.3. The research methodology
The study mainly uses the method of qualitative analysis with theoretical and statistical analyses as well as conduction of empirical tests. Qualitative analysis is used to explain the current situation in international trade and innovation of the high-tech industry in the countries selected for the research, putting forward the hypothesis that international trade contributes to the development of the country’s innovative activity and, also has a high impact on National Innovation System of the country. The theoretical part of the study consists of a general analysis of the mechanisms of international trade influencing innovation development; study of scientific works and relevant literature on the selected topic, while statistical analysis contributes to the collection of data and the observation of certain economic indicators for providing a comparative analysis. Empirical analysis is carried out by using certain tests to determine the degree of influence of factors on the dependent variable, allowing to draw certain conclusions and provide particular recommendations.
Chapter three: Theoretical analysis of influence of International Trade on country’s Innovation Capability
3.1. Influencing mechanism of trade on Innovation performance
In the modern world, the market is being the engine of trade, and trade is considered to be the engine of the production activity. In a market economy, innovative technologies and forms of organization are among the most important and defining concepts that can increase competitiveness, expand the sales market and strengthen the position of commercial organizations.
It should be noted that time does not stand still: society is developing, and, therefore, it is becoming more and more difficult to meet its growing needs for goods, services and information that are of sufficient utility for consumers. The reasons may be as follows:
• The number of new brands is constantly increasing, which, in conditions of tough competition, is leading to a decrease in the number of competitors as a result of increased entry barriers.
• A lot of durable goods have come to be used as “disposable” products, as the repairing and maintaining of them more often becomes more expensive than simply replacing then with a new product.
• The distribution of goods, services and information, that are already standardized, is focused on a limited number of distributors, who have a decisive influence on producers and consumers.
Chapter five: Empirical analysis of the International Trade factors affecting Innovative performance of BRICS countries
5.1. Data collection, research methodology and model specification
The data for the empirical analysis of the influence of international trade on a country’s innovation capability presented in the research as the total number of patents of the selected countries was collected by using statistical resources such as UNCTAD (United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database), OECD (The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), World Bank Indicators Online Database, Global Competitiveness Reports 2011-2018, World’s largest catalog of open and public data presented in the online platform Knoema, BRICS Academic forums Reports, as well as the statistical resources of the BRICS countries.
The following variables are used for the conduction of the further analysis:
The total number of patents. Patenting is the process of obtaining a patent for an object of intellectual property; it is also the most effective way to protect a number of intellectual or industrial activity. The rights for invention, utility model and industrial design confirmed by a patent after passing the appropriate official procedure and are protected by the government. Patenting, that is, assigning authorship and exclusive rights to the author to use a new method or technical invention, remains the most effective way for the protection of intellectual property. Moreover, the analysis of the scale and dynamics of the patent activity has a great importance for estimation of the innovative potential of a country, and moreover, it is also of great importance which factors of international trade affect the number of patents in the countries. The total number (residents and non-residents) of patents data was sourced in the World Bank Indicators Online Database.
5.2. Empirical results
Normality test
When processing a particular data, it is usually assumed that the measurement errors are normally distributed. Classic models of regression, analysis of variance and factor analysis are based on the assumption of normality. To check the distribution of the data across all the observations was used the Jarque-Bera normality test. The test showed that data in normally distributed with zero skewness and eight kurtoses as is presented in the figure 5.1 below.
Chapter six: Conclusion and Policy suggestions
6.1. Conclusion
At present, the development of the world economy can no longer be imagined without the introduction of scientific research results, new technologies and innovations. How countries use the advantages determines their position in the world table of ranks. It is the level of the development of science, science-intensive industries, the world technology market that now creates the basis for dynamic economic development, and is being a factor in the formation of the centers of power. The importance of knowledge-intensive industries and high technologies for the economic is having a great variety. They materialize the results of R&D, also determine the demand for scientific research, and moreover contribute to the development of fundamental science. They form the basis for supplying materials and information innovations for all sectors of the economy without any exception.
The study showed that all BRICS countries are trying to develop their internal market, as the processes of globalization have a negative impact on the economies of these countries due to the politics of western economic and political institutions. The market development indicators are increasing in all of the countries of the group. However, it should be mentioned that the main problem of innovation cooperation is the irregular development of BRICS countries. China and India are being the leader in the innovative development of the group. The most important success factors of which are the presence of global brands that ensure the rapid implementation of innovations in the market and, above all, coverage of the domestic market.
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